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雅虎CEO學(xué)歷造假丑聞的心理學(xué)診斷

雅虎CEO學(xué)歷造假丑聞的心理學(xué)診斷

Katherine Reynolds Lewis 2012年05月20日
斯科特?湯普森因?yàn)閷W(xué)歷注水丟掉了雅虎CEO的寶座,也毀掉了自己的錦繡前程。為什么位高權(quán)重的人們會(huì)為了一個(gè)小小的謊言,甘心冒這么大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?心理學(xué)家為我們照亮了他們幽暗的內(nèi)心世界,從中找到了蛛絲馬跡。

絕望

????在當(dāng)前就業(yè)市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況下,對(duì)個(gè)人背景潤(rùn)潤(rùn)色的狀況絕不少見。實(shí)際上,據(jù)戴爾卡耐基培訓(xùn)學(xué)校(Dale Carnegie Training)副總裁邁克爾?克羅姆稱,雇主發(fā)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)歷中公然說謊的數(shù)量正在增加,比如改變雇傭日期以掩蓋空檔期或者羅列一些夸大的職責(zé)。

????“僧多粥少,隨著失業(yè)率上升、求職競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇,人們開始在簡(jiǎn)歷中夸大其詞,甚至干脆撒謊,”克羅姆說。有幾項(xiàng)研究顯示,所有簡(jiǎn)歷中有一半至少會(huì)有一處信息不那么準(zhǔn)確,無論是有意為之還是無心之過。

????從波士頓郊區(qū)一所小型天主教學(xué)院獲得的一個(gè)學(xué)位可遠(yuǎn)不如硅谷辦公室內(nèi)充斥的哈佛(Harvard)或斯坦福(Stanford)文憑那般閃亮。因此,湯普森或許感到他需要一個(gè)科技學(xué)位作為自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)。唐納德?川普和川普房地產(chǎn)公司(Donald Trump and the Trump Organization)顧問理查德?S?伯恩斯坦恩說:“如今的世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)如此激烈。如果你沒有讀一流的MBA,沒有上一流的學(xué)校,沒有良好的教育背景,人們就會(huì)看低你?!?/p>

自欺欺人

????一旦說了一個(gè)謊,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不加糾正,可能自己都會(huì)開始相信這是真的?!罢f多了,他們自己都信了,”圣地亞哥精神分析學(xué)家戴維?瑞斯說。

????“回顧一下這些人的成長(zhǎng)歷史,他們?cè)缭谡茩?quán)之前就已經(jīng)形成了這種行為模式。他們養(yǎng)成了一種由于缺乏自信而虛夸的習(xí)慣,”瑞斯說。“等他們升遷到了更高的職位,如果他們從未被戳穿,他們就會(huì)認(rèn)為永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)被抓住。”

????一旦升到管理頂層,他們可能被諂媚者所簇?fù)恚_始相信種種贊揚(yáng)之聲,看不見真相。“必須對(duì)人問責(zé)。管理者面臨的問題是沒人對(duì)權(quán)貴說真相,”波士頓Skout Group總裁戴維?蓋伯勒表示。這家公司幫助企業(yè)管理員工和文化帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。戴維說:“他們把自己封閉在這樣的一個(gè)世界中:認(rèn)為自己一貫正確。”

人性

????我們總是會(huì)為自己處于道德或倫理灰色地帶的行為辯解,很多人還會(huì)更進(jìn)一步,盡力掩蓋赤裸裸的謊言。我們無師自通,總是文過飾非,以便相關(guān)行為符合自己的身份。如果我們自認(rèn)是誠(chéng)實(shí)人,不管中立的第三者怎么看,我們都會(huì)給自己的行為套上一層道德的外衣。

????“大腦總是不停地在跳舞,‘我如何才能得到更多我想要的東西,同時(shí)又不違背自己的本性,’”Grey Matters Intl.的凱文?弗萊明稱。Grey Matters Intl.是一家基于神經(jīng)科學(xué)的高管發(fā)展和培訓(xùn)公司,總部位于懷俄明州Jackson Hole以及俄克拉荷馬州塔爾薩?!按竽X總是在不斷消除這種不和諧?!?/p>

Desperation.

????In this competitive job market and economy, credential embellishing is far from rare. In fact, employers are seeing an increase in the number of outright lies on resumes, such as changing employment dates to hide an employment gap or listing enhanced responsibilities, according to Michael Crom, vice president at Dale Carnegie Training.

????"With the higher levels of unemployment and the increased competition to get a few jobs, people begin to exaggerate and outright lie on their resumes," says Crom. Half of all resumes contain at least one inaccuracy, whether deliberate or inadvertent, according to several studies.

????A degree from a small Catholic college outside Boston doesn't quite have the same shimmer as the Harvard and Stanford diplomas littering Silicon Valley offices, so Thompson might have felt he needed the edge of a technology degree. "Today's business world is so competitive. If you don't have the right MBA, didn't go to the right school, don't have the right educational background, people look down on you," says Richard S. Bernstein, an adviser to Donald Trump and the Trump Organization.

Self-Deception.

????Once you tell a lie, and leave it uncorrected long enough, you can start to believe it's true. "People start saying something enough that they start believing it themselves," says David Reiss, a psychiatrist based in San Diego.

????"Looking back on the history of these people, the pattern started before they were powerful. They got into the habit of inflating things out of lack of confidence," Reiss says. "Once they got to a higher level, if they've gotten away with it, they think they'll never get caught."

????Once executives reach the top levels of management, they can become surrounded by sycophants, start believing their own accolades, and lose sight of the truth. "You have to be able to hold people accountable. What happens with leaders is there's nobody who is speaking truth to power," says David Gebler, president of Skout Group in Boston, which helps organizations manage people and culture based risks. "They've got themselves locked into a world where they really believe they're not doing anything wrong."

Human Nature.

????We all have the tendency to rationalize behavior that falls in an ethical or moral grey area, and many of us stretch that line to cover outright lies. We're wired to adjust the narrative of our actions to align with our identity. If we believe we're fundamentally honest people, we will rationalize our behavior to ourselves as ethical -- regardless of how it looks to an impartial observer.

????"The brain is doing this constant dance of, 'How do I get more of what I want while holding onto the identity that I think I actually have,' " says Kevin Fleming, owner of Grey Matters Intl., a neuroscience-based executive development and coaching firm based in Jackson Hole, Wyo. and Tulsa, Okla. "The brain is always wired to reduce dissonance."

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